The Violence of The Queen of Spades Essay examples

The Violence of Plath’s Daddy Daddy is probably Plath’s most famous poem. The critic George Steiner has said that, It is a poem by which future generations will seek to know us. He has also called it, the Guernica of modern poetry. The violence of its imagery and tone, the references to concentration camps, torture and fascism certainly evoke Picasso’s most celebrated painting. Plath claimed that in this poem she was adopting the persona of a girl with an Electra complex whose father had been a fascist, but while the poem is not completely autobiographical, it contains several obvious references to her own life. For example, here she refers to the picture of her father: You stand at the blackboard, daddy, In the†¦show more content†¦In Colossus the dead father was tended as an idol but in Daddy he is metaphorically killed. Plath no longer seems possessed by the desperate need for security and protection which permeated the earlier poem. A comparison of the poems’ endings illustrate this point. Colossus ends on a note of empty despair, and we have the sense of the persona standing bereft and helpless before the memory of the dead: My hours are married to a shadow No longer do I listen for the scrape of a keel On the blank stones of the landing. In Daddy however, we have the sense of the persona in a triumphant, almost exalted state. This is reflected in the language which is no longer the traditional, restrained, poetic diction of the earlier poem but unstrained, slangy and free: Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I’m through. In Colossus Plath remains in the classic, passive role of the female who mourns the dying god and sacrifices to the idol. She is still prostrating herself on the altar of masculinity and performing a traditional, feminine role. In Daddy, she breaks completely free from the victim position and from the power and influence of men. She appreciates what a victim she has been by referring to herself as a Jew, butShow MoreRelatedThe Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism2255 Words   |  10 Pages An example is his poem entitled Digging in which he talks about his past which is related to the past of Ireland. The beginning of the poem is a little bit violent, when the poet declares his powerful with the stanza snug as a gun, but this violence changes at the end the poem when author says: Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests Ill dig with it What the poet means it is that his weaponRead MoreThe Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism2261 Words   |  10 Pages An example is his poem entitled Digging in which he talks about his past which is related to the past of Ireland. The beginning of the poem is a little bit violent, when the poet declares his powerful with the stanza snug as a gun, but this violence changes at the end the poem when author says: Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests Ill dig with it What the poet means it is that his weaponRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Seamus Heaneys North3769 Words   |  16 Pagesa select body†. That this may be an admirable aim for a poet, and especially so for one writing against a background of ethnic violence, is not in doubt. It is, however, extremely difficult to remain neutral when one identifies oneself with an ethnic party involved in conflict. It is my intention, then, in this essay, to document how Seamus Heaney’s reaction to violence in his homeland has affected his writings, with particular reference to the volume of poetry entitled â€Å"North†. This volume firstRead MoreLiterature and Language10588 Words   |  43 Pagesamour against fate; Death lays his icy hand on kings; Sceptre and Crown Must tumble down And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. Here Sceptre and Crown represent kings and queens, while Scythe and Spade represent ordinary peasants and workers . Synecdoche A further kind of figurative language is SYNECDOCHE, which is usually classed as a type of metonymy. Synecdoche refers to using the name of part of anRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesand remained aloof from the vital currents that were sweeping the country forward in the nineteenth century. The development of modern Assamese and Oriya, the two eastern neighbours of Bengali, was also late in coming and was preceded by valuable spade-work done by the Christian missions. Orissa too had recovered its homogeneous integrity and the intelligentsia in the regions was educated in Kolkata and carried back with them the impact of the literary resurgence in Bengal. Lakshmikanta BezbaruaRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesback-hand): á »Å' nà  -à  chá »  ilÄ « aka Ä zá » ¥ He wants to take a bribe A. witness; surety: á »Å' bà ¹Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ onye aka ebÄ“ m He is my witness B. pledge: Kà   ife à   nà ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¥dá » ¥ n’ak a ebÄ“ Let this (thing) stand as a pledge left hand toothache A. stinginess B. rigid discipline C. force; violence right hand (e.g. some people cannot bear to inflict injury on other even in treatment, as in incision of abscess, injection, etc.) be stronger than (lit. hand to be greater than hand): I am stronger than he illicit gin (lit. made by hand) one’sRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageswhich it was nominated. This tied the record for the most Oscars ever earned by one motion picture. Such an achievement might seem unlikely for a producer/director whose film debut was titled Bad Taste, which it and subsequent works exemplified in spades. Peter Jackson made horror movies so grisly and revolting that his fans nicknamed him the â€Å"Sultan of Splatter.† Nonetheless, his talent was evident to discerning eyes—at least among horror film aficionados. Bad Taste was hailed as a cult classic at

Balanced Literacy (essay describes the importance of...

After years of conflict between whole language and phonics advocates, a consensus about what works is emerging from the research: What is needed is a balanced approach to reading instruction - an approach that combines the language and literature-rich activities associated with whole language activities aimed at enhancing meaning, understanding, and the love of language with explicit teaching skills as needed to develop fluency associated with proficient readers. Balanced literacy is an approach for teaching literacy that is widely used in classrooms across the country. It involves several methods of teaching and learning reading and writing, whole class instruction directed by the teacher with independent work in reading, writing, and†¦show more content†¦Guided reading is an instructional reading strategy during which a teacher works with small groups of children who have similar reading processes and needs. The teacher selects and introduces new books carefully chosen to match the instructional levels of students and supports whole text reading. Readers are carefully prepared when being introduced to a new text and various teaching points are made during and after reading. Guided reading fosters comprehension skills and strategies, develops background knowledge and oral language skills, and provides as much instructional-level reading as possible. During guided reading, students are given exposure to a wide variety of texts and ar e challenged to select from a growing repertoire of strategies that allow them to tackle new texts more independently. Ongoing observation and assessment help to inform instruction and grouping of students is flexible and may be changed often. There is a major difference between the traditional reading groups that were in existence when I was in school and the guided reading groups that are more prevalent in the schools today. The following chart establishes a comparison between traditional and guided reading groups: Traditional Reading Groups Guided Reading Groups Groups remain stable in composition. Groups are dynamic, flexible, and change on a regular basis. Students progress through a specific sequence ofShow MoreRelatedRoles and Responsibilities of a Teacher9859 Words   |  40 Pagescovers the application of learning styles to identify the differences of my learners. The issues of entitlement, equality, diversity and Inclusitivity will be addressed. It will also address the relevant legislation in my area of expertise and the importance of record keeping to maintain quality standards. The outline of scheme of work, lesson planning, methods used and resources available to meet the needs of my learners. Contents Introduction 4 Roles, responsibilities and functions of a teacherRead MoreMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 PagesCommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communicating in Forums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communicating in Teams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classroom Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreAward In Education Training 650231182 Words   |  105 Pagesprinciples, and where appropriate theories, that apply in this field. 2. Evidence of appropriate reading relating to principles, theories and practice. 3. Consideration of how professional values impact on working in this area. 4. Evidence of a reflective approach. 6502 Level 3 - Form 1 Record of achievement Award in Education and Training ASSESSMENT RECORD Candidates Name and Enrolment no. (As required on the certificate) Candidates date of birth Centre Name Andragogic Education Centre numberRead MoreHorace Gregory s Short ( But Perfectly Formed D. H. Lawrence : Pilgrim Of The Apocalypse10205 Words   |  41 Pagesexplains how Lawrence’s two essays on psychoanalysis were motivated by his desire to understand. What he needed to understand was why he was as he was; how the development of masculinity and gender identity were influenced and how obstacles such as an over-possessive mother might impair these developments. Hence, his works on psychoanalysis were not written to be an acceptance of Freud’s doctrines but rather a critical approach to them. Gregory maintains the Lawrence’s essays on psychoanalysis ‘offeredRead MoreDifferent Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students of Sbc10095 Words   |  41 Pagesacademic achievement. One concept in particular which has provided some valuable insights into learning both academic and other settings is learning style. There is general acceptance that the manner in which individuals choose to or are inclined to approach a learning situation has an impact on performance and achievement of learning outcomes. Several definitions of learning styles currently exist. According to Fleming and Mills (1992) in their study of learning styles Teaching and Learning Styles:Read MoreDifferent Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students of Sbc10087 Words   |  41 Pagesacademic achievement. One concept in particular which has provided some valuable insights into learning both academic and other settings is learning style. There is general acceptance that the manner in which individuals choose to or are inclined to approach a learning situation has an impact on performance and achievement of learning outcomes. Several definitions of learning styles currently exist. According to Fleming and Mills (1992) in their study of learning styles Teaching and Learning Styles:Read MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pageschange at an ever increasing rate, UNESCO’s mission - a commitment to promoting universal values of peace and nonviolence, human rights and social justice, intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding – persists with growing urgency. UNESCO’s approach to educating for peace is multidimensional, in that it links education with a range of activities that address the root causes of violence, from human security to sustainable development. The goal of UNESCO’s education programmes and partnershipsRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesWesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Page 1 and used the statement of purpose for borderline decisions. However, of liberal arts faculty who responded, approximately half valued the essays as much as other parts of the application package. ï‚ · Determine the importance of the mentor system. The importance of the statement of purpose increases, as Robert M. Brown notes, at institutions with strong mentoring programs ―because it is the only place where an applicant can elaborate a research interestRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesdigitization, integrated cost management systems, knowledge management pursuits, and environmental management accounting. Each chapter encompasses discussions of basic premises complemented by insights from modern-day practice, research, and thought. This approach makes the book particularly suitable for students in academic as well as executive-oriented courses in management accounting. It also provides viii PREFACE an extensive corpus of discussions that will inform those in practice. Readers interested

Environment and Population Health-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Explain events that led to the influenza pandemic immediately after WW1. Discuss how this historic set of circumstances has relevance to present day global population health. Answer: Environment and Population Health The influenza pandemic during the year 1918-1919 is also called Spanish Flu and this disease led to the death of 50 million people worldwide. The deaths are far more in comparison to the deaths caused by the World War I (1914-18). It is also estimated that this Spanish Flu has killed around 3 percent to 6 percent of the global population (Beaumont, 2013). World war I was a turning point in travelling, people started to travel long distances and this led to the spread of the infectious diseases from one place to another. Whereas, the people living in the rural areas remain unaffected by the disease without getting exposed to the disease (Chertow Memoli, 2013). A large number of troops mobilised from one continent to another and this disturbed the life of the civilians. From the latter part of the August 1918, the viruses started spreading around the world that infected almost everyone that came in contact. Considering the present day condition, the improvements in the travel and healthcare has led to the has led to the protection of the health of the general people. The present-day diseases like bird flu and SARS do not remain confined within a geographical area. Rather, the movement of people from one place to another and the spread of the germs through the air has led to the ever-increasing burden on the health sector industries (Wiwanitkit et al., 2013). References Beaumont, J. (2013). Broken Nation: Australians in the Great War. Allen Unwin. Chertow, D. S., Memoli, M. J. (2013). Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. Jama, 309(3), 275-282. Wiwanitkit, V., Shi, B., Xia, S., Yang, G. J., Zhou, X. N., Liu, J. (2013). Research priorities in modeling the transmission risks of H7N9 bird flu. Infectious diseases of poverty, 2(1), 17.

Mccarthy the American Psyche free essay sample

McCarthy rose to national infamy not due to his skill or persuasiveness in the political field, but rather his saying the right thing in the right place at the right time. He didnt create the situation of fear; he merely exploited it, and rather successfully. (Deed Morrow, See it Now, CBS) If he had done the same at any Other period in history it would have been a somewhat different story. The Americans, however, are responsible for letting it get as far as it did. McCarthy should never have been given such power, regardless of the situation.National security is the presidents responsibility, the American people should vote in a competent leader who is bound by oath to the countrys wellbeing. The Cold Warplanes a veritable legion of spies, including those who communicated U. S. Atomic secrets to the Soviets. (Alan Exalted) It was 1950. Robin Hood had been taken away from classrooms due to his C]steal from the rich and give to the poor message, which could be correctly identified as a Communist principle, not appropriate for American children. We will write a custom essay sample on Mccarthy the American Psyche or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He fed on the intense fear and hatred of Communism by most Americans (Engel Smith). He was a mover of masses in a queer, negative way (Leslie Fielder). The attitude in America at the time would have been against Communism regardless of McCarthy; however it was he turned the attitude from defensiveness to aggression. He has been described as the leader of patriotic Americans determined to root out Communist traitors (Engel Smith).Anyone who could gain bulk American support would no doubt also gain great power. The power given to McCarthy put the USA in great danger, they were lucky McCarthy had no ambition or he could have caused a lot more internal damage. How could the Americans trust such a character? He was a body until he made his allegations, was there not one person who could have checked his background and realized that he was in no position to be receiving any confidential documents about Communists from the hierarchy? McCarthy provided no evidence to back up his allegations and never uncovered a single Communist agent in the government. (Engel Smith) A point that is commonly missed is the similarity McCarthy held to Stalin during the Great Terror of 1937-1938 (on a lower key, of course). If one forgot of the multitude of lives lost under Stalin, they would see how both of these imagoes wrongly gained the power of the people, and then used it to destroy them. That McCarthy pointed a finger was quite enough to ruin a reputation and destroy a career- even if no actual evidenced was presented. (Alan Exalted) In both cases, the leaders ended up being just as bad as the enemy they fought, in fact, their people would have been better off surviving the worse case scenario of the threat these leaders claimed to be fighting than the antagonizing humiliation they faced when they were blamed, and found guilty, for a crime of which they were innocent.The one major preference is that while Stalin actually forced the Great Terror to begin, the Aquas Terror could have been easily avoided, if there was but one person who knew wha t was going on to do what was morally and ethically right for the county. This is, of course, America. Unlike the Great Terror, many politicians, especially Republicans, saw the advantages they could gain from having McCarthy on their side, rather than the pain it would cause the country. The right-wing, nationalistic views held by the Republicans over time have shown that, when under threat, the American people are more likely to vote in the ore war-happy party. He could keep the entire political establishment of the United States in perpetual uproar, (peg 620, Hugh Brogan, The Pelican History of the united States of America) that is, the controversy he caused within the government itself caused blood to boil all over the country. One newspaper of the time said, The Senates afraid of him. (Newspaper unknown, reference- Engel Smith) It seems McCarthy as a person would have been virtually powerless and never risen to infamy if the American people had sort after the truth rather than what comforted them.It took McCarthy taking on the conservatives who were supporting him for him to be exposed for the reckless, self-serving demagogue that he was. (Alan Exalted) The American people were a mixture of three types. The first were the typical Cultures Americans as we have coined them who actually believed that, with mass support from others, he must be right. The next were the conservatives. Their single-mindedness on matters of national security ultimately led to their ignorant following of McCarthy. The final category is the one we can blame for McCarthy rise to power.The leaders of the country, including politicians and people holding high positions in organizations such as the FBI, knew quite well what was going on. In the beginning they saw McCarthy not as a threat, but more so a piece they could play to score some more votes. A few months in, they were now powerless against him. The American people are typically gullible, in this case their paranoia led to their gullibility; however the people in power have a responsibility to the country. If they do not do the right thing for the country, the people will soon look for a figure who does.

Safety Devices in Car essays

Safety Devices in Car essays During a traffic crash, at the moment of impact, people in the car are still traveling at the car's original speed. Just after the car rapidly comes to a stop, the people not wearing seat belts slam into the steering wheel, windshield, or other parts of the car's interior, or are ejected from the car. Seat belts are very effective in reducing deaths and injuries caused in this second collision. The techniques of that is the seat belts use pre-crash tensioners. Within milliseconds, seat belt pre-tensioners tighten safety belts and help prevent belted occupants from sliding and bouncing around during a crash. The seat belts allow passenger to decelerate with the car during the collision instead head on collision with windshield or steering wheel. The seat belts also have a property to bend when crashing. So it increases time in impulse therefore decreases force impact on human. Inertia safety belt reels occurs approximately 6 milliseconds after full frontal impact. Approximately 4 milliseconds later before the head and chest begin to move forward, the air bag sensors trigger the front air bags and the small pyrotechnic charges in the pre-tensioners, which minimize any slack in the safety belt and negate the effects of bulky or layered clothing. The front air bags take approximately 35 milliseconds to fully inflate, which is completed just before the occupant meets the bag, approximately 50 milliseconds after impact. Between 45 and 70 milliseconds after impact, ensuring that the cross belt pressure against the occupants chest remains fairly constant. By avoiding peak loads, the potential for chest injury in very severe impacts is reduced. The function of inertia reel safety belts in effective, it can fasten you to the seat when crashing. The seat belt allows you to travel at the same speed with the car instead of throwing you out toward steering wheels, it can also trigger airbag to inflate. Inflating in a fraction of a seco...

Home Treatment for Jellyfish and Man of War Stings

Home Treatment for Jellyfish and Man of War Stings You can apply common household chemistry to treat jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war stings. However, jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war are two different animals. Heres a look at how to tell them apart and how the chemistry of treating the stings differs depending on what stung you. Key Takeaways: Jellyfish and Portuguese Man-of-War Stings A jellyfish can sting you even if its dead.Vinegar, ammonia, meat tenderizer, or heat can inactivate the toxin in jellyfish venom. However, if there is a risk a sting is from a Portuguese man-of-war, using a chemical can cause all of the stinging cells to fire at once and worsen the injury.Another method of treating a sting is to lift off the tentacle (like with a credit card or seashell) and rinse the area with water.An antihistamine can help reduce allergic response. Hydrocortisone can relieve inflammation. An over-the-counter pain reliever can help reduce pain. Dont Make the Sting Worse Do you know what to do if you or someone youre with finds a jellyfish or is stung by one? You should know the answer to these questions before you go to the beach since an encounter with a jellyfish can be a painful or possibly lethal experience. As a matter of practical chemistry, your biggest risk from a jellyfish or Portuguese man-of-war sting may come from improper first aid intended to deal with the venom, so pay attention... What Should You Do If You See a Jellyfish? Best Answer: Leave it alone. If its in the water, get away from it. If its on the beach and you need to walk around it, walk above it (dune side) rather than below it (surf side), since it may be trailing tentacles. Keep in mind a jellyfish does not need to be alive in order to sting you. Detached tentacles are capable of stinging and releasing venom for several weeks. Other Answer: It depends what kind of jellyfish it is. I realize if it looks like floating jelly, its considered a jellyfish, but there are different types of jellyfish and also animals that look like jellyfish but are something else entirely. Not all jellyfish can hurt you. Some jellyfish are either nonvenomous or else their stinging cells cant penetrate your skin. What do you do when you see one of these jellyfish? If you are a kid, youll probably pick it up and throw it at another kid (unless its alive, then be kind and let it be). Most parts of the world have nonvenomous jellyfish. They tend to be easy to spot. Its the ones you dont see that present the biggest threat. Many jellyfish are transparent (but glow under a black light). You probably wont see them in the water, so if you are stung, you wont know exactly what got you. If you see a jellyfish and dont know what type it is, treat it like a venomous species and get away from it. How Do I Treat a Jellyfish Sting? Answer: If you know the victim is allergic to insect stings, seek medical attention immediately. People who are allergic to bees and wasps may experience a dangerous allergic reaction to a jellyfish sting. Otherwise, act quickly and calmly to remove the tentacles, stop the stinging, and deactivate any toxin. Here is where people get confused because the best steps to take depend on what type of animal caused the sting. Use these good basic strategies, especially if you dont know what caused the sting: Get out of the water. Its easier to deal with the sting, and it takes drowning out of the equation.Rinse the affected area with seawater. Do not use fresh water. Fresh water will cause any stinging cells that havent fired (called nematocysts) to do so and release their venom, possibly worsening the situation. Do not rub sand on the area (same reason).If you see any tentacles, carefully lift them off the skin and remove them with a stick, shell, credit card, or towel (just not your bare hand). They will stick to swimwear, so use caution touching clothing.Keep an eye on the victim. If you see any signs of an allergic reaction, call 911 immediately. Symptoms could include difficulty breathing, nausea, or dizziness. Some redness and swelling is normal, but if it spreads outward from the sting or if you see hives on other parts of the body, that could indicate an allergic response. If you suspect a reaction, do not hesitate to seek medical attention.Now, if you are sure the sting is from a jellyfish and not a Portuguese man-of-war (not a true jellyfish) or any other animal, you can use chemistry to your advantage to inactivate the toxin, which is a protein. (Technically, the venom tends to be a mixture of polypeptides and proteins including catecholamines, histamine, hyaluronidase, fibrolysins, kinins, phospholipases, and assorted toxins). How do you inactivate proteins? You can change the temperature or acidity by applying heat or an acid or base, such as vinegar or baking soda or diluted ammonia, or even an enzyme, such as the papain found in papaya and meat tenderizer. However, chemicals may cause the stinging cells to fire, which is bad news for someone allergic to jellyfish toxin or anyone stung by a Portuguese man-of-war. If you do not know what caused the sting, or if you suspect it is from a Portuguese man-of-war, do not apply fresh water or any chemical. Your best course of action is to apply heat to the affected area since it penetrates the skin and inacti vates the toxin without causing more venom to be injected. Also, heat quickly helps alleviate the pain of the sting. Hot seawater is great, but if you dont have that handy, use any warmed object. Some people carry aloe vera gel, Benadryl (diphenhydramine) cream, or hydrocortisone cream. Im not sure how effective the aloe is, but Benadryl is an antihistamine, which may help limit an allergic response to the sting. Hydrocortisone can help reduce inflammation. If you seek medical attention and used Benadryl or hydrocortisone, be sure to alert the medical professionals. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen are commonly used to relieve pain.

City of God Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

City of God Analysis - Essay Example From the beginning to the end of the film, the characters are trapped in their own destinies, only with the difference that it is not determined by God but by the corrupt and insensitive rulers of their country. It is reminded by each frame of the film that there is not even a speck of dignity in the life the slum dwellers live as they lack education as well as social and economic provisions to attain it. By raising the question, â€Å"when is a movie great?†, Thomson (year) has stressed the power of realism and the mundane in movies (p.39). He (Thomson, year) has stricken a cord with the real element of success of a film by establishing that a really great film need not have so-called 'serious' content but only need to have the ability to touch the heart and emotions of the viewers. In the film, City of God, also, it is the silly incident of a chicken running away from being butchered and being chased by gangsters that stands as one among the most impressive scenes. The film through its depiction of life and crime in the urban slums, has proven enough that there is no meaning in violence. This can be seen as the great role realism plays in making the art of film a social vehicle, as Thomson (year) said- â€Å"the idea of wanting to be there and believing the screened world was real or fit to be shared imaginatively† (p.38). In the case of this particular film, this observation can be re-worded as the idea of not wanting to be there and also sharing the anguish to make a difference in the world as members of the society. From the opening scene itself, the film has made clear that the events were happening in an urban slum. This is realized through showing the tin roofs and dirty walls of the dwellings as well as the chaotic and raw interactions of the people. The presence of forest is always there in the backyard of the slum, reminding the greenery that once might have supported the livelihood of the slum dwellers. After the motel shoot out, when two gangster youth hide inside the forest, one of them is seen expressing his wish to leave the life of the gangster. There are also many other similar incidents in the film. Thus the image of slum evolves into a political statement that questions the status quo involved. Another aspect of the use of images of slum and its physical settings in this Brazilian film is the identification that an individual in a developing world would feel with the life in this film. When the youth gang, the triad, was looting the motel, a woman inside the motel could be heard asking them why they were not studying, and she was reminding them that they were still kids. The next moment, youngest kid of the gang, Li'l Dice, has shot the people inside the motel, including the woman, giving a shocker to the viewers. This is the kind of violence and crime depicted in the film. It can be seen in this film that frustration caused by poverty and lack of opportunities was the leading emotion of the kids who beco me gangsters. This is why Li'l Dice is depicted killing the same person who was handing him over a gun for the first time. The theme of the film, in this sense is very close to reality of Latin American urban slums that comprises of â€Å"poverty that stunts the lives of children who labor long hours each day, who work as prostitutes, or who fall victim

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee Essay

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee surgery - Essay Example s shown less drastically adverse results with working in conditions of limited blood loss being the most obvious benefit but with numerous disadvantages (Tang, Olesnicky & Heiskell 2013, p. 32). On the other hand, modern day knee surgery, employing pneumatic tourniquets in more than one million surgical cases in North America alone per year, is prone to risks presented by intra-operative and post-operative complications as well as operation-specific complications. Several studies have identified the pneumatic tourniquet as a significant factor for the increased risk of complications with regards to knee surgery (Krushell & Fingeroth 2007, p. 78). Although there are some advantages such as confining anaesthetics to an extremity, the most common risks are in the form of nerve injury, post-tourniquet syndrome, blood clots, infections and osteolysis (Walsh 2006, p. 711). Because of the risks that patients are exposed to during the use of pneumatic tourniquets in knee surgery, this paper will argue in support that pneumatic tourniquets are not necessary for optimum benefits from knee surgery by discussing their complications. The use of tourniquets, even the older, non-pneumatic versions, has been riddled with complications, sometimes fatal ones (Shemshaki, Laripiur & Jalalian 2010, p 683). Pneumatic tourniquets are used in knee surgery to primarily occlude the flow of blood in an extremity so as to establish a bloodless field in which surgery may be conducted. However, their increased use is also accompanied by the growing risk of incidents related to complications with pronounced physiological changes such as the base-acid imbalance caused by the application of pneumatic tourniquets and may result in pulmonary oedema. The physiological changes also induce transendothelial movement of polymorphonuclears. Most of the injuries that result from the application of pneumatic tourniquets are often pressure-related but may also be consequences of prolonged tourniquet time

Cola Wars - The Carbonated Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

Cola Wars The Carbonated Soft Drink Industry Essay Threat of New Entry The existing players in the soft drink industry have much advantage relative to new entrants. First, supply-side economy discourages new entrants by forcing them to enter the market in large scale. CSD’s demand side benefits of scale also makes it difficult for new entrants to be accepted by the public. In 2002, a survey found that 37% of respondents chose a CSD because it is their favorite brand, while only 10% said so about bottled water. This demonstrates CSD customers’ high brand loyalty and their lack of desire to buy from new entrants. In terms of capital requirement, concentrate manufacturers only requires $25~$50 million to set up a plant that can serve the entire United States of America. Yet, new entrants may have difficulties competing with major players’ well-established brands and their large scale unrecoverable (therefore, hard to finance) spending on advertising. There is also unequal access to bottlers and retail channels for newcomers. Most bottlers are in long-term contracts with major CSD brands; also, the largest distribution channel, supermarkets, consider CSD a â€Å"big traffic draw†, thus provide little to no shelf space for newcomers. In addition, strong fear of retaliation from major players also makes newcomers hesitate to enter. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Required inputs for CSD are mostly raw materials such as caramel coloring, phosphoric or citric acid, natural flavors, caffeine, and fructose. Almost all suppliers of the CSD industry provide undifferentiated commodities and thus have little bargaining power and almost no strength to integrate forward. Bargaining Power of Buyers End consumers and retail channels can both be considered as buyers in the CSD industry. End consumers are likely to have brand loyalty to their CSD as analyzed in threat of new entry. Thus, consumers are expected to continue purchasing a brand unless there is a significant price increase or substantial change in flavor. Consequently, end consumers have little bargaining power. Retail channels, on the other hand, have more bargaining leverage since they buy CSDs in much larger quantities than end consumers. Yet, for retail channels such as supermarkets (making up almost one third of all retail volume), CSDs are considered a â€Å"big traffic draw†, thus reducing its bargaining power. In addition, fountain outlets (making up another 23.4% of retail channel) also have insignificant bargaining power since they rely on CSD companies’ heavy investment in dispensers, cups, point-of-sale advertising, and many other types of equipment. Threat of Substitutes CSDs are unique in terms of taste and properties. When a consumer craves CSD, it is difficult to find a replacement that can equally satisfy his or her desire. Even after CSD was identified as the â€Å"largest source of obesity-causing sugars in the American diet† in 2005, CSDs still â€Å"accounted for 73.1% of U.S. non-alcoholic refreshment beverage volume (down from 80.8% in 2000)† at around the same time. It is true that consumers are moving towards alternatives that have more natural flavors such as several tea-based drinks and bottled water; yet, CSD firms have quickly adapted to this shift and largely dominated the market of these alternatives. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Even though rivalry among existing competitors Coke, Pepsi, and Cadbury Schweppes seem intense, the profitability has not been weakened. This is largely because of the high concentration of competition and their focus on promotion, advertising, and other forms of branding instead of waging large-scale price wars. In a way, the success of Coke and Pepsi required the heavy competition on these dimensions. â€Å"Without Coke, Pepsi would have a tough time being an original and lively competitor. The more successful they (Coke) are, the sharper we (Pepsi) have to be.† says Roger Enrico, former CEO of Pepsi. The CSD industry profitability lies within the Cola War itself that forces major players to improve continuously. Through Porter’s five forces analysis, it becomes clear that CSD is so profitable because of the way its industry competition is shaped: high entry barriers due to newcomers’ unfavorable supply-side economies of scale, demand-side benefits of scale, and unrecoverable advertising spending; low bargaining power of suppliers and buyers since CSD requires mainly homogeneous commodities, buyers have high brand loyalty, and retailers rely heavily on CSD firms’ investments; well handled threat of substitutes; and healthy internal rivalry that is vital to continuous improvement.

cutting :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION Suyemoto and MacDonald (1995) reported that the incidence of self-mutilation occurred in adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 and 35 at an estimated 1,800 individuals out of 100,000. The incidence among inpatient adolescents was an estimated 40%. Self-mutilation has been most commonly seen as a diagnostic indicator for Borderline Personality Disorder, a characteristic of Stereotypic Movement Disorder (associated with autism and mental retardation) and attributed to Factitious Disorders. However, practitioners have more recently observed self-harming behavior among those individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, multiple personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, and most recently, with adolescents and young adults. The increased observance of these behaviors has left many mental health professionals calling for self-mutilation to have its own diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manua l of Mental Disorders (Zila & Kiselica, 2001). The phenomenon is often difficult to define and easily misunderstood. DEFINITION OF SELF-MUTILATION Several definitions of this phenomenon exist. In fact, researchers and mental health professionals have not agreed upon one term to identify the behavior. Self-harm, self-injury, and self-mutilation are often used interchangeably. Some researchers have categorized self-mutilation as a form of self-injury. Self-injury is characterized as any sort of self-harm that involves inflicting injury or pain on one's own body. In addition to self-mutilation, examples of self-injury include: hair pulling, picking the skin, excessive or dangerous use of mind-altering substances such as alcohol, and eating disorders. Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) identify pathological self-mutilation as the deliberate alteration or destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent. A common example of self-mutilating behavior is cutting the skin with a knife or razor until pain is felt or blood has been drawn. Burning the skin with an iron, or more commonly with the ignited end of a cigarette, is also a form of self-mutilation. Self-mutilating behavior does exist within a variety of populations. For the purpose of accurate identification, three different types of self-mutilation have been identified: 1. superficial or moderate; 2. stereotypic; and 3. major. Superficial or moderate self-mutilation is seen in individuals diagnosed with personality disorders (i.e. borderline personality disorder). Stereotypic self-mutilation is often associated with mentally delayed individuals. Major self-mutilation, more rarely documented than the two previously mentioned categories, involves the amputation of the limbs or genitals. This category is most commonly associated with pathology (Favazza & Rosenthal, 1993). The remaining portion of this digest will focus on superficial or moderate self-mutilation.

College Life Unfolded

Many students who graduated in high school are so eager In entering the portals of college life. They think that college is more on good times, more on easy and free from stresses tasks and more. But college Is the exact opposite of what are mentioned. Instead of happy moments, college Is full of pressure and tormenting tasks because at this point In time, you are being equipped with the necessary competencies needed in the field of specialization you have chosen. College students have to mingle with great deal of stress.And, as a college student, this is what I am experiencing right now. After graduating in high school, I really had this Jolt of excitement in entering college. I had these great expectations that more enjoyable scenes will come into my way. I am excited to meet new people, as well as experience its new atmosphere. On my first week as a first year college student, I can say that It was not that difficult. My teachers are tackling the topics we discussed before In high school and I found It quite manageable.Then, as days go by, I realized that we are Just given time to prepare ourselves for more complex and difficult situations. Things are clear to me now, what I am experiencing right now is not the college I have pictured before. New people mean getting along with terror teachers. I came to the point where I really had to weigh things. It is really challenging to choose which among your priorities should be done first. I have to be careful in managing my schedule because a tiny error may destroy everything.It is really stressful to Imagine that everyday I have tons of paper works to do before going to sleep. Oftentimes, I forgot to eat my food when I got home because I have to flash all of my assignments. What adds to the stress Is that It seems Like one day Is not enough to flash all of these paper works. I was not able to sleep early, or If I do, I need to wake up in wee hours of morning to do the activities I was not able to do at night. Most of the times, college students' health were put at risk because of these.I also experienced this scenario where I was not able to attend our family gathering because I need to practice for our presentation. My parents get mad at me whenever I go to somewhere places even though I have no classes. I can't help doing household chores because I need to study for my report. It is really difficult to do your responsibilities at home and at school at the same time. Enjoying and bonding with friends, In college, Is Like walking on the road full of stones and gravels with thorns and thistles.I have a little time In enjoying different extracurricular actively. Though, the school has many actively for students, I still have difficulty in enjoying all of those because what's in my mind is the submission of activities because of the fear that if I do, I will get a failing grade. Most of the times, I feel like I am socially isolated because of my overlapping schedules. Being unable to et their e xpectations bugs me most of the time. As a college student, I often left with no time to myself because of school works.No time to fix yourself well because you are really pressured on accomplishing your tasks. College is not a place where we can do what we want to do easily. College life is not as easy as what we think. We have to warm ourselves up first so that we will not get flabbergasted when storms of school works arrive. Tertiary level is the most critical stage of learning. At this point, training is more intense and learning is more complex. You have to get along with what this stage has rendered because it will help o a lot in industry exposure.College has lots of benefits to give. It develops our confidence in facing different kinds of people. It also teaches us to be self-directed, to learn things by our own. It makes us more mature in facing the different obstacles in life. College has many rewards to give as long as you will not get burnt out on the events soon to arri ve on your way. It may be difficult but on the other side, it is worth our efforts. It is Just a matter of being patient enough. Also, always ask God to give you the strength and skills in accomplishing all of the tasks given to you.

Identity And Belonging: Skin. “We find strength where we belong” Essay

Little Mike is only five years old. Clenching onto his mother’s fingers, he stands intimidated in front of a confronting building, which is seemingly to be called his School for the next thirteen daunting years of his life. Not wanting to leave his mum, his sharp screech breaks through the usual drone of the passing crowd, accompanied by the crocodile tears trickling down his blushed cheeks. It is rather his fear of being separated from his parents which troubles him more than making new friends outside of his niche. â€Å"I can’t do it mom!† Mike roars, â€Å"I don’t want to go!† Unfortunately, his beg for mercy is unheard, or rather disregarded under his father’s order. â€Å"Mike! Get over it, you have to go now; we are freaking late for work!† Although it is expected by Mike to do what his father demands, it is his mum who unwillingly pushes him towards the School. â€Å"You’ll be fine love,† she assures Mike, â€Å" trust me.† The two words, â€Å"trust me,† strike Mike like nothing else present around him; not the School bell, not even his father’s uninterrupted rumble, yet only the two words. Mike somehow gathers the courage to defy his fears, and proceeds several steps further to the School. While the sight of his mother seems to disappear, he notices more children surrounding him, besides whom stands the principal griming at Mike. â€Å"Hey young man!† he waves. Anxious of this unknown domain, Mike bursts into tears and sprints back to his mother, â€Å"Don’t leave me, Please!† he grabs onto her hand. This, is where little Mike belongs, where he finds his strength, his family. â€Å"Enough Mike!† she says, â€Å"go out there and make some new friends!† Mike is compelled to view his parents leave him. He now feels that they have excluded him, in fact, he believes they do not love him anymore, after all, they left him all alone without considering his feelings, however deep down inside, he understands that that’s not the case; he know that his mum still loves him as much as before. Panning his attention towards his classmates, Mik e observes what they are doing. He notices a group of boys hitting a ball around a square, soon enough realising that its his favourite game of down ball. â€Å"Aye come play with us!† one of them calls out to Mike. â€Å"we need more players.† This evokes a strong sense of confidence within Mike, after all he knows he’s the king of down ball, he aces that game! And now, since he has got a chance to show off his skills, he is more than happy to join them. Mike rushes to the squares; â€Å"sure!† he utters. â€Å"Hey man what’s your name?†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mike, and you?† â€Å"I’m James, this is Dylan, that’s Andrew, and she’s Bianca. Here, you’re supposed to be in this square.† James continues. The boys start playing their game, and its not late before Mike is promoted to â€Å"Kings† from â€Å"Dunce,† neither is it late before Mike’s friends realize his skills. â€Å"Far out! Andrew he’s actually good,† Bianca compliments. While Mike pretends not to care, he is blushing, and his appreciation is clearly visible on his face. â€Å"Brah do you wanna play tomorrow?† Dylan asks, amazed of Mike’s talent. â€Å"Yeah man,† he replies, feeling much more accepted in the premises of what was once only his anxiety. It seems as if it was just a matter of minutes before Mike would find his strength in his new School and amongst his new strength, his new mates. â€Å"Mike!† his mum screams, â€Å"You forgot your lunch! Come here and get it!† â€Å"Yeah mom, wait a minute!† He shouts back â€Å"We’re nearly finished!†

Sample Recommendation Letter for Fellowship Applicant

Sample Recommendation Letter for Fellowship Applicant A good recommendation letter can help you stand out among other fellowship applicants. You will most likely need at least two letters of recommendation as part of the application process. The best recommendations will come from people who know you well and can offer specific information about you as a student, person, or employee. The sample recommendation letter shown below has been reprinted (with permission) from EssayEdge.com, which did not write or edit this sample recommendation letter. However, it is a good example of how a business recommendation should be formatted for a fellowship application. Sample Recommendation Letter for a Fellowship To Whom It May Concern: I am proud to recommend a beloved student, Kaya Stone, for your fellowship program. I was asked to write as one who has functioned in the capacity of an employer of Kaya, but I would first like to say a few words about him as a student. Kaya is a highly intelligent, perceptive young man. He came to our institution committed to capitalizing on the opportunity of his third year of study in Israel, and he left with the satisfaction of having accomplished that goal. Kaya grew in learning, in character, in his depth of understanding. He seeks truth in each area of his life, whether in learning, discussing philosophy, or relating to his fellow students and his teachers. Because of his positive disposition, his reflective way of operating, and all of the character traits that make him so special, Kaya’ s questions never go unanswered, and his searches always bring him to exciting discoveries. As a student, Kaya is outstanding. As an educator, I have watched him grow, seen his talents and abilities not only in the classroom but outside its walls when interacting with all types of people as well. During his time at our institution, Kaya, who as I’m sure you know is an excellent writer and publicist, also has done a good deal of work for the yeshiva. This has included the text for many public relations brochures and packets, letters to parents, potential donors, and alumni, and essentially any correspondence which I have requested that he compose. The feedback is always overwhelmingly positive, and he has done so much in that way for our yeshiva. Even today, while he studies elsewhere, he continues to do a great deal of this work for our institution, in addition to the recruiting and other services he performs for the yeshiva. Always, in his work, Kaya is consistent, dedicated and passionate, enthusiastic, cheerful, and a pleasure to work with. He has incredible creative energies and a refreshing idealism tempered only enough to accomplish what needs to be done. I highly recommend him for any position of work, leadership, education, or any other capacity in which he can spread his excitement and share his talents with others. At our institution, we are expecting big things from Kaya in the way of educational and communal leadership in the years to come. And knowing Kaya, he will not disappoint, and probably will exceed our expectations. Thank you once again for the opportunity to recommend such a special and impressive young man. Sincerely Yours, Steven RudensteinDean, Yeshiva Lorentzen Chainani

Genealogy Research in Great Britain

Genealogy Research in Great Britain Once youve explored as much of your family tree as you can online, its time to head to Britain and the land of your ancestors. Nothing can compare to visiting the places where your ancestors once lived, and on-site research offers access to a variety of records that arent available elsewhere.   England Wales: If your family tree leads you to England or Wales, then London is a good place to start your research. This is where youll find most of Englands major repositories. Most people begin with the Family Records Centre, jointly operated by the General Register Office and the National Archives, as it holds the original indexes to the births, marriages and deaths registered in England and Wales from 1837. There are also other collections available for research, such as death duty registers, census returns and the Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills. If your short on research time, however, most of these records can also be searched online (most for a fee) in advance of your trip. Located within walking distance of the Family Records Centre, the library of the Society of Genealogists in London is another excellent place to start your search for British ancestry. Here youll find many published family histories and the largest collection of transcribed parish registers in England. The library also has census records for all of the British Isles, city directories, poll lists, wills, and an advice desk where you can get expert suggestions on how and where to continue your research. The National Archives in Kew, outside of London, has many records that are not available elsewhere, including nonconformist church records, probates, letters of administration, military records, taxation records, association oath rolls, maps, parliamentary papers, and court records. This is generally not the best place to start your research, but is a must-visit for anyone looking to follow up clues found in more basic records such as census enumerations and parish registers. The National Archives, which covers England, Wales and the central UK government, is especially important for anyone researching members of the armed forces. Before you visit, be sure to check out their online catalog and comprehensive research guides. Other important research repositories in London include the Guildhall Library, home to the parish records of the City of London and records of city guilds; the British Library, most notable for its manuscripts and Oriental and India Office collections; and the London Metropolitan Archives, which houses records of metropolitan London. For further Welsh research, the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth is the main center for family history research in Wales. There you will find copies of parish registers and family collections of deeds, pedigrees and other genealogical material, as well as all wills proved in the Welsh diocesan courts. The twelve County Record Offices of Wales hold copies of the indexes for their respective areas, and most also hold microfilm copies of records such as census returns. Most also hold their local parish registers dating back to 1538 (including some that arent also kept at the National Library of Wales).   Scotland: In Scotland, most of the main national archives and genealogical repositories are housed in Edinburgh. This is where youll find the General Register Office of Scotland, which holds civil birth, marriage and death records from 1 January 1855, plus census returns and parish registers. Next door, the National Archives of Scotland preserves a host of genealogical material, including wills and testaments from the 16th century to the present day. Just down the road lies the National Library of Scotland where you can search trade and street directories, professional directories, family and local histories and an extensive map collection. The Library and Family History Centre of the Scottish Genealogy Society is also located in Edinburgh, and houses a unique collection of family histories, pedigrees and manuscripts.   Go Local Once youve explored the national and specialist repositories, the next stop is generally the county or municipal archive. This is also a good place to start if your time is limited and you are definite about the area where your ancestors lived. Most county archives include microfilm copies of national records, such as certificate indexes and census records, as well as important county collections, such as local wills, land records, family papers and parish registers. ARCHON, hosted by the National Archives, includes contact details for archives and other record repositories within the UK. Check the regional directory to find county archives, university archives and other unique resources in your area of interest.   Explore Your History Be sure to leave time on your journey to visit the places where your ancestors once lived, and explore the history of your family. Use census and civil registration records to identify the addresses where your ancestors resided, take a trip to their parish church or the cemetery where they are buried, enjoy dinner in a Scottish castle, or visit a specialty archive or museum to learn more about how your ancestors lived. Look for interesting stops such as the National Coal Museum in Wales; the West Highland Museum in Fort William, Scotland; or the National Army Museum in Chelsea, England. For those with Scottish roots, Ancestral Scotland offers a number of clan-themed iteneraries to help you walk in your ancestors footsteps.

CASES IN MARKETING MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CASES IN MARKETING MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Competition, including McDonalds, Wendy’s and Burger King, has been opening business in South American countries of Chile, Argentina and Brazil, while KFC intends to focus on Mexico (De Wit & Meyer 916). A major issue in the expansion of franchising is the disconnection between the management and the franchisees: the latter feels that the management does not understand the chicken business and is not aware of the way fast food restaurants are run. In the past, this has impacted sales as well as customers. Case in point is the strategy of the company to distance itself from its Southern deep fried legacy in favor of healthier cooking options such as grilling. Helm (2010) writes that this strategy is actually hurting the brand and the traditional customers. However, there is an increasing number of people in the US and in countries where the company operates who are opting for healthier options, mostly refraining from deep fried fast foods. This creates a big dilemma for the company as it does not have anything to offer this growing group of consumers. Another issue is the management of franchise cost of KFC, which is currently quite high, taking into account the increased food items prices and inflationary pressures in potential markets. The company needs to open doors in more locations after detailed research and testing. This testing should include culture testing to establish better pricing strategies in conjunction with local franchisees; besides, the company must be more locally entrenched. Traditionally, KFC has opted for a standard franchising strategy wherein standard menus and services have been offered to consumers irrespective of country or region. Competition such as McDonalds, however, has made effort to rework on its tactics to make them more culturally entrenched and local. This means that the policy of standardization must not be used extensively, except for standards of

The School of the Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The School of the Americas - Essay Example The schools presence in the region represented the United States growing role in Latin America. With the signing of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) in 1947 (Bureau of Political-Military Affairs Washington, DC) the United States involvement in the region grew even more. Yet another name change came in 1949. The U.S. Army Caribbean School continued to train both U.S. and Latin American soldiers. In 1963 the school got its most notable name: The School of the Americas (SOA). The SOA began training using Spanish only and controversy surrounding the school began. With the handing over of the Panama Canal to the government of Panama the school needed a new home. After much politicking, the Spanish speaking school was moved to Fort Benning, Georgia rather than Texas that had a Spanish speaking population (where the school thought was the most logical choice). In an August 1996 report sent to the Honorable Ronald V. ... The School of Americas thus played a part in this transition by providing Spanish language military training to Latin American countries that chose to send soldier-students. The School of the Americas closed in December of 2000 after much controversy and reopened in January 2001 as the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation as a result of the National Defense Authorization Act. 2. Training Provided. As stated earlier, The School of the Americas functioned as a Spanish language military school and continues as the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. It is interesting to note that the new school offers instruction (again in Spanish) in many of the same courses that the SOA did at the same location. The current school offers training to Latin American military personnel in courses such as2: Civil-Military Operations Course Information Operations Course Departmental Resource Management Human Rights Instructor Course Peace Operations Course The schools website claims that all courses listed are accredited at at least the baccalaureate level, students can receive credit for courses taken,3 and that all students receive at least eight hours of human rights training. As the SOA the school offered courses using manuals with such titles as4: Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual-1983 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation-July 1963 3. The Controversy. As the SOA, the school came under scrutiny by various human rights groups because of the type of training provided to the Latin American students and the resulting human rights violations by SOA graduates. The United States was accused of training these soldiers to protect its economic interests in the region. CIA manuals used by

I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I - Research Paper Example The advertisement is audacious as well as catchy to the consumer due to the ‘take a look at me’ colors that are used as well as the bold texts located in the fourth chapter (Belch, 2009, p 119). The advertisement is aimed at the girl and women consumers with bold words that say that, ‘Now you have the power’. The main purpose of the advertisement is in the promotion of the gel whose main purpose is in the styling of the lady’s hair which tends to come in different forms as well as is primarily focused on the red color. One of the main purposes of the ‘Now you have the power’ tag is to let or rather assure the consumer that despite the fact that they may not have the ability to change some other countenances of their lives, they can be assured that this gel will be able to change the object aspects of their lives. The latter tends to give the consumer a sense of assurance as well as a trust with the brand that this is a product that is wor th trying out as well as relying on it. One of the channels that I would make use of includes billboards, television advertisements and internet- social media. The reason for the use of the television advertisement is that the product is mainly aimed at a target audience that is not yet decided on the gel that they want to use or want to change the one they use and the largest undecided lot is the younger generation due to the fact that these are times that they tend to try out the things that suit them most in terms of the aspects of beautification. The use of the television advertisements is based on the sense that the younger generations are the ones that are mostly glued to the television sets therefore it will attract them more to use the product. The use of billboards is aimed at research results that show the highest numbers of the target audience residents as well as routes of transportations so as to ensure that they get to see that the product exists. The use of social med ia is based on the earlier said principle that most of the target audience is young. As research shows, most of the younger people tend to spend a lot of their time on the social media which is why it will be most suitable basing this on the sense that if you advertise a product whereby most of the target market is located, you will most likely win their minds. The backlash that would arise would be in the television advertisement basing this on the sense of the chosen time for the run of the advertisement, the target audience’s attention is captured by another show on another station or an issue that might affect the running if the advertisement such as national breaking news. The second advertisement that I selected is one found in the fourth chapter is one that was meant for the purpose of the promotion of Michelin tires. This advertisement is aimed at an audience target that is more likely to purchase the product which in this case is most likely; families, males or any o ther person who owns a car (Belch, 2009, p 124). One of the things that tends to make the advertisement eye catching is the fact that they used the Michelin mascot in their advertisements. The Michelin mascot is a pumped up cartoon version of a stout tire like a man who is saving a bunch of woolly adorable creatures. The advertisement shows a car that is driving along the woods on a night that can be described as

Synthesis And Characterization Of Cobalt Carboxylates Environmental Sciences Essay

Synthesis And Characterization Of Cobalt Carboxylates Environmental Sciences Essay Plastics are commonly added with certain additives for developing its better characteristics. Recent decades, some kinds of additives which are known as prodegradant additives are being developed for plastics film. Prodegradant additives can result in accelerating plastics degradation. It is important to develop prodegradant additives since plastic waste is viewed as a serious worldwide environmental and health concern as its character of being non-degradable. Many pro-degradant additives, composed of transmetal-organic acid salts, have been investigated in many researches as photodegradable additives for plastics. Cobalt carboxylates, namely cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, cobalt stearate, are kinds of which have been applied for LDPE films. In the previous method, cobalt carboxylates were synthesized by reacting sodium carboxylates and cobalt acetate. This paper reports a new method of cobalt carboxylates synthesis. The new method involve reaction between molten carboxylic acid w ith sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium carboxylate, and continued by reacting sodium carboxylate with chloride salt of cobalt. First reaction conducted at 80Â °C and under perfect agitation. Second reaction took place well in the low concentration of cobalt chloride, about 0.2 M or less and temperature 80Â °C. Cobalt carboxylates (cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, cobalt stearate) densities are 0.615, 0.391, 0.364 g/cm3 respectively. Their melting points are 107.83, 109.10, 114.40 Â °C respectively, obtained by DSC test. Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) test have been done on cobalt carboxylates to investigate their thermal stabilities. All cobalt carboxylates start to degrade over 300Â °C, as shown in TGA test result. TGA studies indicate that cobalt carboxylates have stability at compounding and film blowing/casting temperature of polyethylene, 180-200Â °C. Keywords :Prodegradant additives, cobalt carboxylates, characteristics 1. Introduction Plastics production systematically increases, thus, also plastics waste amount grows. People rely to plastics in everyday activities, such as jugs, clothes, computer, etc [1,2]. Recently, the usage of plastics increases significantly. USs plastics production in 2000 amounted to more 45,000,000 metric tons [2]. Total resin consumption in Malaysia increased by 8% from 1.6 million MT in 2004 to 1.72 million MT in 2005, of which about 65% were polyolefins (PE PP) [3]. The municipal solid waste stream in the U.S. totals nearly 160 metric tons per year and consists of about 7-11% by weight of post-consumer plastics [4]. Plastics is now being viewed as a serious worldwide environmental and health concern, especially for disposable application such as carrier and garbage bags [2]. Its character of being non-degradable, is resulting in river pollution, choking in landfill [4]. The growing environmental concern has made plastics a target of much criticism due to their lack of degradability [5]. Therefore degradable plastics will be important issue to reduce plastics waste amount. Many researches have been done to obtain methods which can improve degradability of plastics. Some methods are used to accelerate the degradation process are the addition of transition metal pro-oxidants or carbon monoxide polymer, both of which are designed to catalyse photodegradation and thermal degradation [6]. The studies on utilizations of some additives have been performed by several researchers to obtain photodegradable plastics. The effect of a series transition metal (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) stearates on the photodegradation of a high-density polyethylene have been examined. The role of metallic compounds on the photodegradation of polyethylene has been extensively studied by several authors [7]. The effect of cobalt stearate on accelerated aging of LDPE has been studied. Cobalt stearate has been proven to have significant effect on accelerated aging of LDPE [8]. The effect of cobalt carboxylates namely cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, cobalt stearate, on the photo-oxidative degradation of low density polyethylene also have been investigated [9]. Cobalt carboxylates have been synthesized through double decomposition by reacting sodium carboxylates and cobalt acetate [9,10]. This paper report the study of new synthesis method of cobalt carboxyates through double decomposition method by reacting sodium carboxylates and cobalt chloride. This paper also attempt to investigate characteristics of cobalt carboxylates. 2. Experimental 2.1 Materials Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (Fluka), sodium hydroxide, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid (Merck) were used without any treatments. Deionized water was used for all processes. 2.2 Synthesis of cobalt carboxylates Cobalt carboxylates, namely cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, and cobalt stearate, were synthesized through two steps of reactions. First step, carboxylic acids (lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid) were reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium carboxylates (sodium laurate, sodium palmitate, and sodium stearate). The second step, sodium carboxylates (sodium laurate, sodium palmitate, and sodium stearate) were reacted with cobalt chloride to produce cobalt carboxylates (cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, and cobalt stearate) in solid phase . The solids were filtered and washed with hot water to separate sodium chloride. Finally, the solids were dried in the oven at 60 Â °C for 2 hours. 2.3 Characterization of cobalt carboxylates The characterization comprises density, melting point, and degradation temperature. Melting points were investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) Q1000 from TA Instruments, in N2 atmosphere, in temperature range 30-200 Â °C, at heating rate 10 Â °C/min. Evaluation of degradation temperatures were done using Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) Q500 from TA Instruments, in N2 atmosphere, ramp method, heating rate 20 Â °C/min, final temperature 1000 Â °C. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1 Synthesis of cobalt carboxylates Synthesis of cobalt carboxylates comprises two steps of reactions. The first step, producing sodium carboxylates through reaction below. These reactions took place in liquid phase at 80 Â °C. Carboxylic acids were melted and added gradually with sodium hydroxide 0.25 M under agitation for one hour. The amount of carboxylic acids and sodium hydroxide were reacted in stoichiometric ratio. Perfect agitation was needed to reach a complete reaction. The second step, synthesis of cobalt carboxylates, was conducted by adding cobalt chloride hexahydrate solution 0.20 M into the product of first step reaction which contain sodium carboxylates. Cobalt chloride solution was added gradually. The reaction temperature was maintained at 80 Â °C, with continuous stirring. The second reaction could be written as follow: In the second reaction, cobalt carboxylates, which were produced in solid phase, would form suspension and became hard to be stirred. The low concentration of cobalt chloride was favored since reaction would take place well in low concentration. The low concentration of cobalt carboxylates would produce few solids of cobalt carboxylates. It mean that mixing process would run well and complete reaction could be reached. 3.2 Characterization of cobalt carboxylates Density Densities of cobalt carboxylates can be seen in Table 1. All of cobalt carboxylates are in the form of powder and have low density. Melting Point Tests have been done using Differential Scanning Calorimeters (DSC) to determine melting point of cobalt carboxylates. The DSC test results can be seen in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3. The melting point of cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, and cobalt stearate was determined from the peak of endothermic melting transition. Melting points of cobalt carboxylates can be summarized as listed in Table 2 below. There are two endothermic peaks in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Two endothermic peaks are sometimes found in DSC test result. First peak indicate unstable melting process. The second peak represent stable melting process [11]. Melting points of cobalt carboxylates increase with increasing carbon chain length of carboxylates. Melting point of cobalt stearate which has 18 C is higher than melting point of cobalt palmitate which has 16 C. Melting point of cobalt palmitate is higher than melting point of cobalt laurate which has 12 C. Thermal stability Thermal stability was investigated using Thermogravimetric Analyzers (TGA). Degradation temperature (initial and final temperature of degradation) was determined from high decrease of weight during heating. It was shown by steep slope of the curve in TGA test result. Cobalt carboxylates lost more than 80% of their weight during degradation process. The final weight remained was around 10 % of initial weight. The degradation temperature increase from cobalt laurate, cobalt palmitate, and cobalt stearate respectively. All of cobalt carboxylates start to degrade at temperature over 300 Â °C. It means, cobalt carboxylates have good thermal stability since the temperature of blending/compounding of polyethylene is 180-200 Â °C. Cobalt carboxylates will not degrade at temperature of compounding and film blowing/casting of polyethylene. 4. Conclusion Synthesis of cobalt carboxylates could be conducted through reaction of sodium carboxylates and cobalt chloride in liquid phase. The melting point of cobalt carboxylates increased with increasing the length of carbon chain. Thermal stability also increased with increasing the length of carbon chain, as indicated by temperature of degradation. Cobalt carboxylates also had thermal stability at temperature of polyethylene processing.

Modern Sculpture Americanoom Essay -- Modern Art Artwork

The Artistic High: Selfish Salvation Escape. It’s worth any given amount of time, money, and sacrifice. A haven; a distraction from the ordinary; an oasis of idylls. But from what exactly? A high instructs for a quick perceptual blur; an interrelated pleasure of detachment, obeyed by a climatic crash, which adds further weight to a reality somehow less livable. The trip is understood; it creates room for addiction; an insatiable thirst for an ironically cleansed state, reminiscent of an oblivious feeling associated with childhood innocence. Yet no matter the depth of any high, what one seeks to escape most is --â€Å"illogically†-- eerily present in the vicinity. Along with this acknowledgment comes the climatic crash; the end of leisure; the closing act in a play, character role left in the costume room; the fading of a blasting song. Our sought escape is logically –and even illogically (imagination does not detach from this reality)—impossible. This is because what every person seeks to esc ape is an unbearable environment; an unbearable self. Throughout history, generations have introduced various forms of escapism: drugs, yoga, exercise, meditation, induced sleep, even tea. But an escape whose consistent efficiency prevails throughout time resorts back to an almost instinctive skill, requiring the minimum provisions: pencil and paper. Through this blissful childhood skill, the body is engulfed in a soothing lake of endorphins, which neither ignores nor fully acknowledges pain, but molds it into a malleable attitude reflected in the beauty of art. Throughout what may perhaps have been the most historically-active decade, the 1960s stirred significant social transformation in the United States and abroad. Among infinite socia... ...th artists were able to pass their troubles and experiences onto a work, which would be shared with the world and hence numb their personal worries, knowing their message would reach millions, therefore exploring a new definition of selfish escapism through selfish salvation. Works Cited â€Å"Argentina.† Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. CD-ROM. Microsoft. 2005. â€Å"Chryssa.† Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. CD-ROM. Microsoft. 2005. Florou, Katerina. â€Å"Chryssa.† Astir Magazine. 26 Sept. 2006. Gladwell, Malcolm. Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005. â€Å"Greece.† Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. CD-ROM. Microsoft. 2005. â€Å"Kennedy.† Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. CD-ROM. Microsoft. 2005.

The duty and role of the producer

As far as the market is concerned, there is the existence of a diverse range of products that are meant for the purposes of human consumption. The duty and role of the producer is to come up with a product to be disposed through the process of marketing to the ultimate consumer. By so doing the goals as well as the objectives of the producer is the generation of profit.It therefore applies that the question of the safety as well as the health issues of the product is not the concern of the producer but a matter of personal issue of the determination of the side effect as well as the harm that may be associated with the consumption of the product.Majority of the products in the market that are meant for consumption are generally unhealthy as well as a cause of death to the human beings. In the consideration of the range of the products that poses health risk to the consumer from the range of fast foods to the tobacco products, the list can only be considered to be endless.However, all these products are usually promoted in the market through the process of advertising, highlighting the best side of the product while the knowledge about the harmful effects is in most cases concealed. However the consequent actions of the consumer are entirely blamed on the advertisement.Advertising is generally understood as the act as well as the practice of creating the awareness of the product to the consumer in view of influencing the behavior of the consumer in favor of the product. It is purely wrong to place the blame of the actions of the consumer on advertising.This kind of situation can be equated to blaming an individual who is entitled to his or her own views. The advertising agencies and the product owners should instead, take the blame. Across the majority of cultures and especially the United States the responsibility of the personal choice has been eroded and people otherwise point fingers in alternative directions (Fox 98).The concept of advertising forms a major segment in as far as the society is concerned. Through advertising, the public attention with regard to the existing products, the needs as well as the services is sensitized. There exists no boundary as to the effects aroused by the practice of advertisement with regard to the potential harm inflicted on the body of the individual.The advertising companies push the harmful products to the disposal of the user. It should however be remembered that the ultimate use reserves the final judgment with regard to the use or abstinence from the use of the product. In contrast to this fact, it has been evident that majority of the people have laid the poor choices made by the consumers on the advertising companies.The tobacco as well as the alcohol industries is among the most notable industries that have been the target in as far as the blames of this category are concerned. The concept of personal responsibilities among the majority of people have been eroded, a situation that has resulte d to the consideration of the advertising industry as a scapegoat for the poor associated with the consumers (Goodrum 145).It is an obvious fact that the majority of the individuals will be adamant in as far as the issue of admitting to the reality is concerned but all in all connecting advertisement to the wrong judgment of the consumer is not justified.This can only be taken as the absence of the potential capacity of the individual to exercise personal responsibility with regard to the choices that the individual is in a position to take as well as implement. To exonerate themselves, the poor choice of the consumer is pegged on advertising as the scapegoat.It is a common practice for people with weak willpower to blame others for the poor judgments that they make. The process of making coherent decisions is rooted in the potential capacity for the people to shoulder their personal responsibilities.The fact that an advertisement has been aired is not an implication that it should be wholly embraced but rather the individual is at liberty to enjoy or disdain the product targeted by the advertisement (Fox 158).

English as Global Language Essay

The phenomenal rise in use of English has mainly taken place over the last two decades. English has reached high status world-wide because of several factors; as the mother tongue of millions of people all over the world, as the language that millions of children learn at school and the language that is used in international relations, for global communication and as the major media language. The importance of a global language has become major, in some contexts such as communication, e.g. international web-pages on the Internet, English is the only language used. In addition, English is used to establish and maintain connection and relationship between people with different backgrounds from different cultures. In this discursive essay, I will discuss the different aspects of a global language and how it will affect cultures, minority languages and communities all over the world. Disposition of body †¢ Definition of Lingua Franca †¢ Do we need a global language? †¢ Should English be a global language? Why/Why not? †¢ Which standard will be the Standard? / Strict or loose standards? †¢ Will native speakers take advantage? †¢ What will happen to minority languages and communities? Method Before I started to write the essay, I read relevant literature. David Crystal’s â€Å"English as a Global language† contains a lot of useful information, and so does â€Å"Sociolinguistics† by Peter Trudgill. In order to retrieve I want different aspects on the subject, I also used the Internet for research. I was also interested in average people’s opinion, therefore I asked approximately 40 people of different backgrounds, age and gender what they think of English as a global language. 1. Definition of Lingua Franca Many people do not know what a lingua franca is, therefore I will start by defining the term Lingua Franca and also tell a bit about its history. 1.1 Lingua franca is Latin and means â€Å"French language†. The first text written in a lingua franca is from 1353, but a simpler form of it appeared in the 11th century. The origin of this term is from the modern era when French became the language mostly used in commerce and diplomacy between the European countries. Not only French serves as a lingua franca, several European languages had the same status; e.g. English, Greek, Latin and German. The term lingua franca became so common that it continued to be used for any â€Å"universal† language. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca 2005) 1.2 A lingua franca can be any language which is used for communication among people who have no native language in common. In many of the former European colonies in Africa, French or English are used as the language of communication in trade and business. (Trudgill 2000:132) In some parts of Africa, other African lingua francas, such as Swahili and Hausa, are used. These languages are indigenous in some countries and have become used because of political reasons. When a language is used as a lingua franca, it undergoes a certain amount of reduction and simplification. The simplification often refers to getting rid of irregularities and grammatical gender in the lingua franca. This happens because adults are, unlike children, generally not good language learners, and therefore need a simplified version of the language. (Trudgill 2000:165) Should English be the Global Language? People in general have different opinions on English as a â€Å"global† language. There are positive as well as negative aspects of this. Do we need a global language? Why do we need it? Why should English be the best option? 2.1 Translation has always played a central role in interaction between people with different languages and language skills. Thousands of years ago, monarchs, ambassadors and merchants had to rely on someone to translate. But the more linguistically mixed the community got, the less they could rely on individuals to ensure their communication. Most of these problems have been solved with a lingua franca or a â€Å"pidgin†. A pidgin is a language created, usually spontaneously, from a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different languages Pidgins have simple grammar and few synonyms. The prospect that a lingua franca might be needed for the whole world is something that has arisen in the twentieth century. Sin ce the 1950s, many international organisations have come into being e.g. the UN and the World Bank. Also political groupings e.g. The European Union and The Commonwealth have come into being. The pressure to make an agreement concerning one language has become urgent, but it is a sensitive issue. (Crystal 2003: 12-13) The need for a global language is mainly appreciated by the international academic and business communities, but also by individuals as the world becomes more and more global. (Crystal 2003: 12-13) 2.2 Why English has grown as much as it has, and why it might be seen as the best option for a global language have more than one answer. One is the geographical-historical reasons, and another is the socio-cultural. The geographical-historical part explains how English has reached its position and the socio-cultural explains how and why it remains that way. (Crystal 2003: 29) 2.2.1 English came to England from northern Europe during the fifth century and started to spread around the British Isles. (Crystal 2003: 30) The historical movement of English around the world began with the expeditions to Asia and America and continued with the colonial developments in Africa and the South Pacific. When many colonies became independent during the mid-twentieth century, they kept English as their official language or semi-official language. This led to a major step forward for the English language; it is represented on every continent and on islands in the three major oceans, making the label â€Å"global language† a reality. (Crystal 2003: 29) 2.2.1 The socio-cultural aspect looks at the way people in many ways have become dependent on English for their social life and for their economic well-being. English is the language of many business and political domains and also the language of entertainment such as television, the film industry, the music business, communication (internet, telecommunication and computers) and safety. (Crystal 2003: 29) 2.2.2 Today’s status of English has mainly two reasons; the expansion of the British colonial power and the emergence of the economical power of the United States. The latter is what scientist argue explain the status of English in the world today. (Crystal 2003: 59) 3. Positive and Negative Aspects on English as a Global Language 3.1 Positive aspects of English as a Global Language According to Buck (2005), English has, without doubt, reached the top position in the language hierarchy. Almost 30 % of the population are already â€Å"reasonably competent† in English. As the language of commerce, economy and politics, knowledge of and fluency in that language is helpful when participating in these fields. The economic power houses, the political bodies and commercial organisations also use English as their language of communication. More than 85% of the scientific, technological and academic production in the world today is performed in English. By using English you are able to communicate with people in almost all countries all over the world. English is the most widely spoken language with regards to number of countries, even though Chinese, Hindi and Spanish have more native speakers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language 2005) The case might be that even in countries where one of the other languages is spoken you will be able to communicate wi th the inhabitants, using English as a lingua franca. It is often taken for granted that one speaks English and when someone does not, one might be looked upon suspiciously. I asked approximately 40 people from different backgrounds, different age and with different nationalities which language they would prefer as a global language and the majority answered English. The following reasons were given: It is the language you hear and read every day; the younger generations have learned it in school and it would be the best global language because it is the most spread all over the world. The people, who disagreed, said that Spanish would be the best global language, because it has more native speakers than English. 3.2 Negative aspects of English as a Global Language Even though there are many positive aspects of having a global language, there are negative aspects as well. How would it be possible to carry through a global language? Are there any dangers with having a global language? A global language might cultivate an elite class with native speakers, who take advantage of the possibility to think and work quickly in their mother-tongue. If this was the case they might manipulate it to their advantage at the expense of those who has another language as their mother-tongue and in this way create a linguistic gap between people. (Crystal 2003: 14-15) English has a history, sometimes cruel and violent with colonialism and war, and introducing English as the global language might be seen as a threat of future dominance. Perhaps a global language will make people unwilling or unable to learn other languages and make other languages unnecessary. (Crystal 2003: 15) One of the â€Å"risks† having only one language is that the chosen language may become very technical and â€Å"impoverished† for non-native speakers, e.g. the Eskimos, who have several words for snow, because they need it. They would probably not be able to express themselves properly if they only had one word for snow. And Swedish people would not be able to use the word â€Å"lagom†, a word which says a lot about the Swedish society and people. Many of the people who answered my question about â€Å"English as a Global Language†, expressed a worry that if we only had one language, they would feel â€Å"poor† when it comes to expressing feelings and emotions in a language that is not their mother-tongue, that they would not know enough words to be able to really express how and what they feel. 4. Standards – which standard should be used? Strict or loose standards? English is the mother-tongue of millions of people in different parts of the world. If English were to become a global language, which standard of the language would be the global standard? Perhaps the standards would become looser. 4.1. Standard English is the English that is usually used in print. It is also the English which is normally taught in school and to non-native speakers learning English. This is also the standard that is spoken among educated people and used for news broadcasts. (Trudgill 2000: 5-6) Historically, the British Standard developed from the south-east part of England (the area around London). These dialects were spoken in court, used in law and by the government. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English 2005) Standard English has a widely accepted grammar, and an accent that comes with this standard, the British English accent, also known as the â€Å"Oxford English†, is the accent that is taught is schools. (Trudgill 2000:6-7) Furthermore this English has a major cultural influence, especially on the languages in the former Commonwealth countries, e.g. South Africa, Australia, and India as well as the European Union. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English 2005 ) 4.2 We often hear about â€Å"American-English†, â€Å"South African-English† or other â€Å"Englishes†, but no such terms really exist. The different types of English are based on the British English but have developed grammatical and vocabulary differences because of influence and â€Å"loanwords† from other languages.(Trudgill 2000:6-7) 5. Minor Languages and cultures What will happen to minor cultures and languages if we introduce a global language? An introduction of a global language might lead to discrimination of other languages. Losing a language equals losing identity. The language is much more than just a tool for communication. According to Trudgill there is an intimate relation between language and culture and a large homogenisation of culture might lead to a shift in language where native people adopt another language and eventually the old language may die out. There is a difference between â€Å"language death† and â€Å"language murder†. Language death is when a language disappears naturally; its speakers are leaving it voluntarily, but â€Å"language murder† means that the killer language actively discourages use of other languages. Minority languages may be removed from the media and educational systems. English is referred to as a â€Å"killer language†, which means that it is a dominant language learned subtractive, at the cost of the mother tongues, rather than additively. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_language 2005) In the United States there have been a few â€Å"English Only† movements, the first one in 1803, when they banned the speaking of French among the population in Louisiana. After that, several attempts to remove Spanish and French have taken place. English is declared as the official language in several states in the US. The English-Only movements have been rejected by linguistics; they mean that a language does not create political unity, it takes more than that. The use of one single language in a community is no guarantee for social harmony or mutual understanding. This has been proven several times during the history, e.g. American Civil War, Spanish Civil War and former Yugoslavia. (Crystal 2003:16) 6. Conclusion This essay has shown that the creation of a global language has numerous advantages and disadvantages. Mutual intelligibility, great career opportunities and reduced administrative costs are some of the advantages a global language would give. The disadvantages are that English is closely linked to the British and the American cultures and history and is therefore not a â€Å"neutral† language. Perhaps a language with less historical and cultural connections would be a better option? We are in need of an international language for communication, politics, trade and security, but at the same time we are worried about language death, the advantages native speakers will have and all the disadvantages non-native speakers will face. English is growing, it is a strong language, and its future seems bright. My opinion is that if there will ever be an international language, English is the best option. It is a strong, well developed language with millions of speakers. Even if a global language might be important, different languages are of importance for their culture and for the development of their native speakers. Languages make the world more interesting and more alive.